Replicating behavioral studies, participants were overall faster in naming pictures following a constraining relative to a nonconstraining context, but this effect did not differ between real and sham cTBS.

The last word was shown as a picture that participants had to name (e.g., “cow”). During the task, participants read lead-in sentences creating a constraining (e.g., “The farmer milks the”) or nonconstraining context (e.g., “The farmer buys the”). Prior to the task, the left MTG was perturbed with real continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) or sham stimulation. In a randomized single-blind within-subject experiment, we recorded the electroencephalogram from 16 healthy participants during a context-driven picture-naming task. The aim of this study was to examine acute reorganizational changes in brain activity related to conceptual and lexical retrieval in unimpaired language production following transient disruption of the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG). While much progress has been made in how brain organization supports language function, the language network's ability to adapt to immediate disturbances by means of reorganization remains unclear.

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